Repeatability of Brain Activity as Measured by a 32-Channel EEG System during Resistance Exercise in Healthy Young Adults.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is attracting increasing attention in the sports and exercise fields, as it provides insights into brain behavior during specific tasks. However, it remains unclear if the promising wireless EEG caps provide reliable results despite the artifacts associated with head movement. The present study aims to evaluate the repeatability of brain activity as measured by a wireless 32-channel EEG system (EMOTIV flex cap) during resistance exercises in 18 apparently healthy but physically inactive young adults (10 men and 8 women). Moderate-intensity leg press exercises are performed with two evaluations with 48 h. between. This intensity allows enough time for data analysis while reducing unnecessary but involuntary head movements. Repeated measurements of EEG during the resistance exercise show high repeatability in all frequency bands, with excellent ICCs (>0.90) and bias close to zero, regardless of sex. These results suggest that a 32-channel wireless EEG system can be used to collect data on controlled resistance exercise tasks performed at moderate intensities. Future studies should replicate these results with a bigger sample size and different resistance exercises and intensities.

The Influence of an Enriched Sport Program on Children's Sport Motivation in the School Context: The ESA PROGRAM.

PURPOSE: Besides the evident positive effect on body development, physical activity has proven to boost executive functions, especially if the exercises are enriched with cognitive stimuli. Previous studies have shown that introducing challenging exercises in the physical activity routine can also enhance motivation. Therefore, enriching a physical education program with cognitively challenging exercises may also foster children's motivation during physical education classes, where the motivation is high at the beginning of the school year and low at the end of it. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to test if a sport program enriched by cognitive stimuli may improve kids' motivation or take them out from a state of amotivation along the school year. METHODS: A sample of 342 school children (203 boys, 139 girls) took part in the study. Participants were asked to complete a battery of motivation and perceived social support questionnaires before and after they completed the ESA Program, a sport program enriched with cognitive stimuli. Moreover, parents of these children attended four seminars about the importance of supporting children for the practice of regular physical activity (PA). A control group consisting of children that attended the ordinary physical education school class was also included. RESULTS: A repeated measures MANOVA model showed that the ESA Program was able to improve children's general motivation, in particular the intrinsic motivation. The program was not effective in social support, but, independently from the group, the family social support in sports activities decreased for females. CONCLUSION: Apart from cognitive improvement, the ESA Program can have beneficial effects on children's sports motivation in physical education, but not on perceived social support.

Validation and adaptation of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) in fitness group exercisers.

BACKGROUND: Recently, Mullen et al. (2011) presented an 8-item version of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) that provides a valid instrument for assessing enjoyment in physical activity. The present paper investigated the psychometric properties of a Portuguese adaptation of PACES. METHODS: After a process of back-to-back translation into Portuguese, 395 members of fitness centers who ranged in age from 18 to 66 years (31.11 ± 8.90, mean ± SD) completed the translated version of the PACES. On average, participants had 3.2 years of experience in fitness group classes and practiced for approximately 3.3 times per week. RESULTS: An initial exploratory factor analysis (n = 139) revealed a unidimensional structure with factor loadings ranging from 0.79 to 0.89. Results also showed acceptable internal consistency. A confirmatory factor analysis in an independent sample (n = 256) provided additional support for the unidimensional structure of the questionnaire. In addition, moderate positive correlations between enjoyment and intrinsic and identified regulation, and moderate negative correlations between enjoyment and external and amotivation, demonstrate the convergent validity of the instrument. Finally, measurement invariance between 2 independent samples was also found. CONCLUSION: The 8-item Portuguese version of PACES is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring enjoyment of physical activity in Portuguese adult fitness exercisers, and it is therefore suitable to use as a measure of affect in exercise adherence interventions studies.

Effects of Motivational Climate on Fear of Failure and Anxiety in Teen Handball Players.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the motivational climate created by the coach and perceived by a group of young, high-performance handball players on their fear of failure and precompetitive anxiety. The study participants were 479 young handball players. The age range was 16-17 years old. Players were administered a battery composed of a Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire, a Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory, and Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2R, to measure the aforementioned theoretical constructs. Using structural equation modelling (SEM), the results showed that the handball players experienced high levels task-involving climate and moderate values of self-confidence. In contrast, players experienced lower levels of ego-involving climate, fear of failure, and cognitive and somatic anxiety. The obtained model shows that fear of failure positively mediates the association between an ego-involving climate with both cognitive and somatic anxiety, and negatively in terms of self-confidence. In contrast, fear of failure does not mediate the associations between a task-involving climate and both somatic and cognitive anxiety and self-confidence.

Effects of a Motivational Climate on Psychological Needs Satisfaction, Motivation and Commitment in Teen Handball Players.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the motivational climate created by the coach and perceived by a group of young high-performance handball players on their sport motivation, self-determination, sport psychological needs and sport commitment. The study participants were 479 young handball players. The age range was 16-17 years old. Players were administered a battery composed of a Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire, Sport Motivation Scale, the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale and Sport Commitment Questionnaire to measure the above-mentioned theoretical constructs. Results showed that the handball players showed high levels of a task-involving climate, of basic psychological needs satisfaction and of self-determined motivation and commitment. Higher levels of basic psychological needs such as autonomy and competence were associated with a higher task-involving climate, self-determined index and sport commitment (task-involving climate-basic psychological needs (ß = 0.55; 95% IC 0.387/0.682; p = 0.001); Ego-involving climate-basic psychological needs (ß = 0.06; 95% IC -0.069/0.181; p = 0.387); Basic psychological needs-self-determined index (ß = 0.48; 95% IC 0.376/0.571; p = 0.001); Self-determined index-commitment (ß = 0.58; 95% IC 0.488/0.663; p = 0.001). The obtained model showed that basic psychological needs mediated the association between a task-involving climate and self-determination, and self-determination mediated the association between basic psychological needs satisfaction and commitment.

Motivational determinants of physical education grades and the intention to practice sport in the future.

Self-Determination Theory (SDT) is amongst motivational frameworks the most popular and contemporary approach to human motivation, being applied in the last decades in several domains, including sport, exercise and physical education (PE). Additionally, Achievement Goal Theory (AGT) has presented evidence of how contextual factors may influence student's behavior in this particular context. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the motivational climate created by the teacher in the classroom, students' satisfaction of Basic Psychological Needs (BPN), and how their behavioral regulation could explain PE grades and intention to practice sports in the future. METHOD: A total of 618 students (290 female; 328 male) from the 6th to the 9th school level, aged between 10 and 18 years (M = 13.3; SD = 1.7) participated in this study. The following surveys were used for the proposed variables: Learning and Performance Orientations in Physical Education Classes Questionnaire (LAPOPECQ); the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNESp); and the Perceived Locus of Causality (PLOCp). Intentions to practice sport/physical activity in the future were assessed through a single item. Students' PE grade was obtained through his/her teacher final assessment. Structural Equation Analysis was performed via AMOS 23.0. RESULTS: After analyzing modification indices and model adjustment, the final model emerged: learning climate > BPN > autonomous motivation > intentions/PE grade. Results interpretation seems to indicate that i) the satisfaction of BPN are influenced by motivational climate (i.e., learning climate), ii) the individuals' motivation is influenced by the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs (i.e., particularly competence), and iii) the motivational regulations have direct and significant effects with intention to practice sports outside school in the future and PE grades. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION: The main results showed that a climate oriented for learning has a positive impact on basic psychological needs satisfaction of students. However, only competence satisfaction had a significant positive relationship with students' autonomous motivation, which in turn had a significant positive relation with PE grade, as well as for intentions for leisure-time sport/physical activity practice.

Effects of school-based interventions on motivation towards physical activity in children and adolescents: protocol for a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have observed low levels of physical activity in children and adolescents worldwide. Physical activity interventions are increasingly carried out to counteract this development. The school environment is an ideal setting for such interventions to take place as large numbers of children and adolescents can be addressed. With the assumption that motivation is the key to initiate and sustain beneficial health behaviors, theory-based intervention studies apply motivational strategies to increase students' participation in physical activity. The main objective of this systematic review will be to analyze the effects of school-based physical activity interventions on a variety of motivational outcomes towards physical activity in school-aged children and adolescents. METHODS: Comprehensive literature searches will be conducted in multiple electronic databases, including MEDLINE, Scopus, PsycINFO, ERIC, PSYNDEX, Physical Education Index, and SPORTDiscus. We will include randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental studies examining the effects of school-based physical activity interventions (e.g., physical activity components during school lessons including physical education, or during morning, lunch and afternoon breaks). Primarily extracurricular physical activity interventions will not be considered. The primary outcomes will be students' motivation, basic psychological needs, goal orientation, enjoyment, and motivational teaching climate in physical education. Secondary outcomes will be the students' physical activity behaviors in-class, during school, and in leisure time. Only peer-reviewed articles published in English will be considered. Three reviewers will independently screen all citations and full-text articles, and two reviewers will abstract data. The quality of the included studies will be assessed with the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias for RCTs and the GRADE methodology will be used to assess the certainty of the body of retreived evidence. DISCUSSION: In order to increase and maintain physical activity levels in children and adolescents, motivation towards physical activity should be sustained. It is anticipated that the results of this systematic review will provide information as to which strategies implemented in the school setting are effective in increasing students' motivation towards physical activity, and hence increase their physical activity during school and after-school hours. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42018110306.

Sport Intervention Programs (SIPs) to Improve Health and Social Inclusion in People with Intellectual Disabilities: A Systematic Review.

Inactivity is a major issue that causes physical and psychological health problems, especially in people with intellectual disability (ID). This review discusses the beneficial effects of sport intervention programs (SIPs) in people with ID, and aims to provide an overview of the scientific literature in order to identify the main factors influencing the participation of people with ID in SIPs. Twelve papers were analyzed and compared. The results show a large variety in examined SIPs, concerning participants' age and disability, intervention characteristics and context, as well as measures and findings. The main factors essential for people with ID partaking in SIPs appeared to be suitable places for the SIP development, adequate implementation of physical activity (PA) programs in school and extra-school contexts, education, and the training of teachers and instructors. The literature review highlights the relevance of using SIPs in order to improve physical and psychological health, as well as increase social inclusion in populations with ID. SIPs should be included in multifactor intervention programs. Nevertheless, the need is recognized for stakeholders to adopt specific practice and policy in promoting social inclusion in order to organize intervention strategies which are able to provide quality experiences in sport and physical activity for people with ID.

Motivational Climate Sport Youth Scale: Measurement Invariance Across Gender and Five Different Sports.

The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Motivational Climate Sport Youth Scale (MCSYSp) and invariance across gender and different sports (swimming, soccer, handball, basketball, futsal). A total of 4,569 athletes (3,053 males, 1,516 females) from soccer (1,098), swimming (1,049), basketball (1,754), futsal (340), and handball (328) participated in this study, with ages between 10 and 20 years (M = 15.13; SD = 1.95). The results show that the original model (two factors/12 items) did not adjust to the data in a satisfactory way; therefore, it was necessary to change the model by removing four items (two from each factor). Subsequently, the model adjusted to the data in a satisfactory way (χ2 = 499.84; df = 19; χ2/df = 26.30; p < .001; SRMR = .037; TLI = .923; CFI = .948; RMSEA = .074; IC90% .069-.080) and was invariant by gender and team sports (soccer, handball, basketball, futsal) (ΔCFK≤.01); however, it was not invariant between swimming and team sports (soccer, handball, basketball, futsal) (ΔCFI ≥ .01). In conclusion, the MCSYSp (two factors/eight items) is a valid and reliable choice that is transversal not only to gender, but also to the different studied team sports to measure the perception of the motivational climate in athletes. Future studies can research more deeply the invariance analysis between individual sports to better understand the invariance of the model between individual and team sports.

Intervención directa mediante biofeedback, para cambiar las conductas de desanimo de un portero de fútbol / Intervenção direta através de biofeedback, para mudança de comportamentos de desmotivação de um guarda redes de futebol / Direct intervention through biofeedback, to change disheartening conducts in a soccer goalkeeper

El objetivo de este trabajo es describir una intervención, que buscaba modificar el comportamiento de un portero en relación con los errores que cometía, pues tras recibir un gol, se desanimaba y no dejaba de centrarse en el error cometido. Esta atención en el error cometido le hacía tardar de volver a tener un comportamiento adecuado para cumplir su función en el juego. Esta intervención se realizó mediante biofeedback, técnicas de control emocional y técnicas para el manejo de la atención y la concentración. Dado que es una intervención sobre un portero de 18 años de fútbol once, solicitada por el entrenador, se utilizó un estudio de caso único. De acuerdo con los resultados descriptivos se encontró una mejoría en la atención y concentración ya que hubo una cercanía a los 5 μv en ondas beta y hubo un incremento en la puntuación directa de concentración en los datos de la prueba Toulouse-Piéron. También se encontró una mejora del control emocional, mediante biofeedback, ya que hubo un incremento en la respuesta galvánica de la piel. Por último, también se registró un cambio en las conductas del portero tras los errores, ya que hubo una disminución de las conductas de desánimo y un aumento de las conductas adecuadas (AU)

The aim of this work is to describe an intervention which sought to modify the behavior of a goalkeeper in relation to the errors he committed, after receiving a goal, he became disheartened, and could not stop concentrating on the error committed. This attention paid to the error committed delayed a return to having adequate behavior in order to fulfil his function in the game. This intervention was carried out through biofeedback, techniques of emotional control and techniques to manage attention and concentration. Given that the intervention was carried out on an eighteen year old goalkeeper, at the request of the trainer, a study of a unique case was used. In accordance with the descriptive results, an improvement in attention and concentration was found as there was a proximity to 5 μv on beta waves and there was an increase in direct punctuation of concentration in the data of the Toulouse-Piéron test. An improvement in emotional control was also found through biofeedback, as there was an increase in the stimulating response to skin. Finally, a change in the goalkeeper’s conduct after the errors was registered, as there was a decrease in the discouraging conducts and an increase in the adequate conducts (AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi realizar uma intervenção de modificação de comportamentos de um atleta (guarda redes) após este cometer erros ou sofrer golos. Depois de sofrer um golo, o atleta desmotivava e continuava focado no eventual erro. Esta manutenção do foco atencional no erro fazia com que este tardasse em ter um comportamento adequado à sua função no jogo. Esta intervenção foi realizada utilizando técnicas de biofeedback, técnicas de gestão emocional e técnicas de controlo da atenção e concentração. Dado que se tratou de uma intervenção solicitada pelo treinador, sobre um único atleta de 18 anos, praticante de futebol onze, foi utilizada uma metodologia de caso único. De acordo com os resultados descritos, foi encontrada uma melhoria na atenção e na concentração, verificada através da melhoria de 5 μv nas ondas beta e no aumento da pontuação direta da prova Toulose-Pieron. Também foi registada uma melhoria no controlo emocional através de biofeedback com um aumento dos valores da resposta galvânica da pele. Por fim também foram registadas alterações no comportamento após erro, uma vez que diminuíram os comportamentos de desmotivação e aumentaram os comportamentos adequados (AU)

Propriedades psicométricas da versão portuguesa para jovens atletas de basquetebol do motivational climate scale for youth sports / No disponible

O presente estudo analisa as propriedades psicométricas da versão portuguesa para jovens atletas de basquetebol do Motivational Climate Scale for Youth Sports (MCSYS). No estudo participaram 441 jogadores de basquetebol (206 masculinos e 235 femininos) com idades compreendidas entre 11 e 16 anos (M=14.40; SD=1.27). Como processo de validação, utilizou-se o método designado de abordagem por comité (committee approach),análise da consistência interna através do coeficiente de Alfa de Cronbach,análise fatorial exploratória (AFE) e análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC). A análise da confiabilidade do questionário foi considerada adequada, sendo os valores superiores a .70. Quanto aos indicadores de validade de constructo,obtidos por meio da AFC, apresentaram valores aceitáveis para todos os índices. Finalmente, encontrámos um apoio preliminar para a validade de constructo do MCSYS, evidência suficiente para avaliação do clima motivacional em jovens atletas de basquetebol (AU)

The present study analyses the psychometric properties of the Portuguese athletes of basketball version of the Motivational Climate Scale for Youth Sports (MCSYS).). The sample comprises 441baskeball athletes (206 males and 235 females), with a mean age of 14.40 (SD= 1.27). The methods used in the MCSYS, validation process were: committee approach, internal consistency reliability via the Cronbach alpha coefficients, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. According to literature, the analysis of the general reliability of the MCSYS and its dimensions generated adequate results, since all Cronbach alpha levels exceeded the value of0.70. The factor validity indicatives, obtained through confirmatory factorial analysis, were acceptable for all indices. Lastly, we found preliminary support for the validity of the construct of the MCSYS, which is sufficient evidence to justify its use to measure the motivational climate in young Portuguese basketball athletes (AU)

Programa de Intervención psicológica para la optimización del concepto de equipo (team building) en jóvenes futbolistas / Psychological intervention programme based on team-building principles in a youth footbal team

Con este estudio pretendemos desarrollar un programa de construcción de un equipo, una intervención psicológica multidimensional, basado en los principios de team building (Spink y Carron, 1993; Vicente, 1999) y evaluar si éste puede potenciar el desarrollo de la cohesión y de la satisfacción del equipo. En el estudio participaron 20 jugadores pertenecientes a un equipo de fútbol de la categoría Juvenil A. Para acceder a las variables de la Cohesión y para la Satisfacción, utilizamos la versión portuguesa GEQp y ASQp. Los resultados indican que tras la intervención existe un aumento de la cohesión en los aspectos sociales, el mantenimiento hacia la tarea y disminución de la satisfacción asociada a los aspectos que convergen hacia los objetivos. En la fase de seguimiento, la cohesión hacia la tarea se mantuvo y se registró una disminución en la cohesión social. Se llegó a la conclusión de que el programa de intervención psicológica puede ser un factor catalizador de la cohesión y de la satisfacción del equipo, así como del funcionamiento y del rendimiento en el contexto de este grupo (AU)

This study aims to develop a team-building program, a multidimensional psychological intervention based on the principles of team building (TB) (Spink and Carron, 1993, Vicente, 1999), and assess whether it can foster the development of team satisfaction and cohesion. The participants were 20 young footballers from one team. The Cohesion and Satisfaction perception variables were accessed with the Portuguese version of the ASQp and GEQp. The results showed that after the TB intervention, social cohesion increased, task cohesion held steady and satisfaction associated with aspects that converged towards the goals decreased. In the follow-up phase, task cohesion was steady and social cohesion declined. In conclusion, a psychological intervention programme may be a catalyst of cohesion, team satisfaction and performance within the context of this group (AU)

Relationship between group cohesion and anxiety in soccer.

Group cohesion in sport is a widely spread theme today. Research has found cohesion to be influenced by several individual and group components. Among the cognitive variables that relate to cohesion we found competitive anxiety. The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between task cohesion (ATG-T, and GI-T) and competitive state anxiety (A-state), and also if there would be a relation between cohesion and self-confidence. Participants were 366 football players of both genders male and female, aged between 15 to 23 years old, from Portugal's championships. Cohesion was measured using the Portuguese version of the Group Environment Questionnaire, and to assess competitive anxiety, we used the Portuguese version of the Competition State Anxiety Inventory 2. Our results show that female athletes report experiencing more cognitive anxiety and less self-confidence than male athletes. Only cognitive anxiety relates in a significantly negative way with the perception of cohesion (GI-T e ATG-T) in the total number of participants and in male athletes. Relatively to the somatic anxiety, it only relates negatively with the perception of the integration of the group in the total number of participants and in the male gender.

Análise factorial confirmatória do Group Environment Questionnaire com atletas portugueses / Confirmatory factor Analysis of the Group Environment Questionnaire portuguese version

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a validade da aplicação do Group Environment Questionnaire, (GEQ) que na versão portuguesa adopta a designação de Questionário de Ambiente de Grupo (QAG), como medida para avaliar a coesão de grupo em desportos de equipas, no contexto competitivo em Portugal e verificar a sua adequação ao modelo teórico desenvolvido por Carron et al. (1985), através da análise factorial confirmatória (AFC). Participaram no estudo 467 atletas federados de diferentes modalidades com idades compreendidas entre os 14 e 21 anos (M= 16,5. DP= 1,7). Os resultados da análise da fiabilidade da solução final do Questionário de Ambiente de Grupo, constituido por 13 itens revelou valores de consistência interna entre .70 para a dimensão IG-T e .86 para dimensão AIG-S, excedendo o valor mímimo α= .70, recomendado por Nunnaly (1978). De uma forma geral os valores dos indicadores globais de ajustamento do modelo inspeccionado para o QAG resultantes da análise factorial confirmatória: S-Bχ 2= 119.34, g1.= 55, p ≤ .001; GF1=.96; Robust CFI= .97; TLI/NNFI= .96; SRMR= .034; RMSEA (90%CI)= .094(.039 - .058), expressam a sua qualidade. Assim podemos concluir que a avaliação da coesão de grupo em desportos de equipas portuguesas, através do questionário se manifesta adequada. (AU)

The purpose of this study was to validate the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ), in Portuguese as adopt de name of Questionário de Ambiente de Grupo (QAG), as a measure to evaluate the group cohesion in Portuguese sports teams, in a competitive context, and is support by the conceptual model developed by Carron et al. (1985), through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Participated in the study , four hundred sixty-seven (467) athletes of different sports, with aged between 14 and 21 years (M= 16.5, SD= 1.7). The reliability results of the of the final the Portuguese version of the GEQ, consisting of 13 items, revealed good internal reliability coefficients with values range from .70 for IG-T dimension to .86 in AIG-S dimension. All coefficients exceeded the recommented minimum value of α = .70 recommented by Nunnaly (1978). The gobal indicators resulting from AFC revealed good fit indices for the GEQ: S-Bχ2 = 119.34, gl.=55, p ≤ .001, GFI= .96; RobustCFI = .97, TLI / NNFI = .96, SRMR = .034, RMSEA (90% CI) = .049 (.039 - . 058), expressing is quality. Therefore, this study point out that evaluation of group cohesion in sports teams of Portugal, with GEQ, are valid and reliable. (AU)

Análise factorial confirmatória do group environment questionnaire com atletas portugueses / Confirmatory factor analysis of the group environment questionnaire portuguese version

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a validade da aplicação do Group Environment Questionnaire, (GEQ) que na versão portuguesa adopta a designação de Questionário de Ambiente de Grupo (QAG), como medida para avaliar a coesão de grupo em desportos de equipas, no contexto competitivo em Portugal e verificar a sua adequação ao modelo teórico desenvolvido por Carron et al. (1985), através da análise factorial confirmatória (AFC). Participaram no estudo 467 atletas federados de diferentes modalidades com idades compreendidas entre os 14 e 21 anos (M= 16,5. DP= 1,7). Os resultados da análise da fiabilidade da solução final do Questionário de Ambiente de Grupo, constituido por 13 itens revelou valores de consistência interna entre .70 para a dimensão IG-T e .86 para dimensão AIG-S, excedendo o valor mímimo α= .70, recomendado por Nunnaly (1978). De uma forma geral os valores dos indicadores globais de ajustamento do modelo inspeccionado para o QAG resultantes da análise factorial confirmatória: S-Bχ 2= 119.34, g1.= 55, p ≤ .001; GF1=.96; Robust CFI= .97; TLI/NNFI= .96; SRMR= .034; RMSEA (90%CI)= .094(.039 - .058), expressam a sua qualidade. Assim podemos concluir que a avaliação da coesão de grupo em desportos de equipas portuguesas, através do questionário se manifesta adequada.

The purpose of this study was to validate the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ), in Portuguese as adopt de name of Questionário de Ambiente de Grupo (QAG), as a measure to evaluate the group cohesion in Portuguese sports teams, in a competitive context, and is support by the conceptual model developed by Carron et al. (1985), through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Participated in the study , four hundred sixty-seven (467) athletes of different sports, with aged between 14 and 21 years (M= 16.5, SD= 1.7). The reliability results of the of the final the Portuguese version of the GEQ, consisting of 13 items, revealed good internal reliability coefficients with values range from .70 for IG-T dimension to .86 in AIG-S dimension. All coefficients exceeded the recommented minimum value of α = .70 recommented by Nunnaly (1978). The gobal indicators resulting from AFC revealed good fit indices for the GEQ: S-Bχ2 = 119.34, gl.=55, p ≤ .001, GFI= .96; RobustCFI = .97, TLI / NNFI = .96, SRMR = .034, RMSEA (90% CI) = .049 (.039 - . 058), expressing is quality. Therefore, this study point out that evaluation of group cohesion in sports teams of Portugal, with GEQ, are valid and reliable.

Análise confirmatória do Questionário de Satisfação do Atleta: versão Portuguesa / Confirmatory factor analysis of the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ): Portuguese version

O objectivo do estudo foi examinar as propriedades psicométrica da versão Portuguesa do Questionário de Satisfação do Atleta ([QSA/Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire - ASQ], Riemer & Chelladurai, 1998), através da análise factorial confirmatória, uma vez que as características culturais e de idioma podem afectar a aplicação e interpretação do questionário. O QSA possui 14 dimensões, com 54 itens e visa avaliar a satisfação do atleta com a sua experiência desportiva. O modelo foi testado com uma amostra de 527 atletas de diferentes modalidades: basquetebol, andebol, futebol e voleibol, dos campeonatos nacionais e regionais de Portugal. Todos os factores apresentam elevados coeficientes de consistência interna, com valores de alpha de Cronbach entre a=0,70 e a =0,94. De uma forma geral os valores dos indicadores globais de ajustamento do modelo observado, resultantes da análise factorial confirmatória (robustos TLI/NNFI=0,93, CFI=0,93 e do IFI=0,93, RMSEA=0,042 (0,039 - 0,044 e o índice SRMR=0,05) expressam a sua qualidade. Assim, os resultados sugerem que a avaliação da satisfação do atleta nas diversas facetas consideradas relevantes para a sua experiencia desportiva, parece poder ser realizada em futuras pesquisas, através da utilização do ASQ versão portuguesa(AU)

The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ), developed by Riemer and Chelladurai (1998), through confirmatory factor analysis since cultural and language characteristics can affect the applicability and the interpretation of the multidimensional Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire. The ASQ has 14 dimensions, with 54 items to evaluate the athletes' satisfaction with their sports experience. The model was tested with a sample of 527 athletes (basketball, handball, soccer and volleyball players) from national and regional championships in Portugal. All factors have good internal reliability coefficients, with Cronbach alpha values ranging from a=0.70 to a =0.94. The results of confirmatory analysis, (robust TLI/NNFI=0.93, CFI=0.93, IFI=0.93, RMSEA=0.042 (0.039 - 0.044) and SRMR=0.05) show that the model has good fit indexes, which express its quality. Therefore, this study points out that the evaluation of athletes satisfaction in different facets which are considered relevant to their sports experience through the use of the ASQ Portuguese version is valid and reliable.(AU)

Análise confirmatória do questionário de satisfação do atleta: versão portuguesa / Confirmatory factor analysis of the athlete satisfaction questionnaire (ASQ): portuguese version

O objectivo do estudo foi examinar as propriedades psicométrica da versão Portuguesa do Questionário de Satisfação do Atleta ([QSA/Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire - ASQ], Riemer & Chelladurai, 1998), através da análise factorial confirmatória, uma vez que as características culturais e de idioma podem afectar a aplicação e interpretação do questionário. O QSA possui 14 dimensões, com 54 itens e visa avaliar a satisfação do atleta com a sua experiência desportiva. O modelo foi testado com uma amostra de 527 atletas de diferentes modalidades: basquetebol, andebol, futebol e voleibol, dos campeonatos nacionais e regionais de Portugal. Todos os factores apresentam elevados coeficientes de consistência interna, com valores de alpha de Cronbach entre a=0,70 e a =0,94. De uma forma geral os valores dos indicadores globais de ajustamento do modelo observado, resultantes da análise factorial confirmatória (robustos TLI/NNFI=0,93, CFI=0,93 e do IFI=0,93, RMSEA=0,042 (0,039 - 0,044 e o índice SRMR=0,05) expressam a sua qualidade. Assim, os resultados sugerem que a avaliação da satisfação do atleta nas diversas facetas consideradas relevantes para a sua experiencia desportiva, parece poder ser realizada em futuras pesquisas, através da utilização do ASQ versão portuguesa.

The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ), developed by Riemer and Chelladurai (1998), through confirmatory factor analysis since cultural and language characteristics can affect the applicability and the interpretation of the multidimensional Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire. The ASQ has 14 dimensions, with 54 items to evaluate the athletes' satisfaction with their sports experience. The model was tested with a sample of 527 athletes (basketball, handball, soccer and volleyball players) from national and regional championships in Portugal. All factors have good internal reliability coefficients, with Cronbach alpha values ranging from a=0.70 to a =0.94. The results of confirmatory analysis, (robust TLI/NNFI=0.93, CFI=0.93, IFI=0.93, RMSEA=0.042 (0.039 - 0.044) and SRMR=0.05) show that the model has good fit indexes, which express its quality. Therefore, this study points out that the evaluation of athletes satisfaction in different facets which are considered relevant to their sports experience through the use of the ASQ Portuguese version is valid and reliable.